智慧幸福感是人類整體幸福感的其中一個範疇。對學生而言,學業是影響智慧幸福感的一大因素,它主要包括自我觀念中的情感(Academic Self-concept-Affect)和認知(Academic Self-concept-Cognitive)部分,以及對學校的喜愛(School liking)。整體而言,一個高智慧幸福感的人,在自我觀念上的情感和認知都是積極向上的,並且對學校抱有正面的情感,對自己所在的學校感到喜愛和認同。
心理學家認為,智慧幸福感是各種教育成果的重要指標(Tuominen-Soini et al., 2012; Fiorilli et al., 2017)。智慧幸福感能夠反映學生的學業投入情況,包括在功課中投入的精力,對功課的貢獻、理解與吸收。當學生能夠充分投入學業時,學習時間會很快流逝,亦有助於提高學生的自我效能感。另外,心理學家亦指出智慧幸福感具有群體相似性,即同一個群組的成員在對學校的看法和感受上具有相似性。因此,確保學生獲得智慧幸福感,能夠營造一個良好的學習氛圍並建立良好的社交關係,促進學生的全面發展(Rimpelä et al., 2020)。
智慧幸福感通常體現在人們在校表現出的情感、認知及對學校的認同上。以下是一些高智慧幸福感的表現,你在自己和你認識的人身上,看到了這些表現嗎?
情感上 | 認知上 | 對學校的認同 |
喜歡學校裡的大部分學科 | 對學校裡的大部分學科很擅長 | 認同並熱愛學校 |
對學校大部分的學科有興趣 | 認為學校裡的大部分學科都很簡單 | |
享受學校裡的大部分學科 | 能迅速熟習學校裡的大部分學科 |
相反,低智慧幸福感的人,通常會有倦怠的表現,包括學業上的懈怠和對學校的嘲諷,而這種倦怠可能來源於學校壓力、同齡群體、和適應不良等。更具體地說,低智能幸福感與低學業成績、不良的動機傾向、學習困難、低學習抱負、教育遲滯和輟學有關(Salmela-Aro et al., 2009; Vasalampi et al., 2009; Tuominen-Soini et al., 2012; Bask and Salmela-Aro, 2013; Tuominen-Soini and Salmela-Aro, 2014; Korhonen et al., 2016; Fiorilli et al., 2017)。
建立目標的過程,需要學生對自身情況作出一個合理而正確的評估,而評估的過程能讓學生認知自己的能力和情緒。同時,具有自主性的目標,能夠給學生提供學習動力,讓他們有信心、有興趣去接觸和應對大部分學科,有助於迅速熟習學科知識。
同學,是在校生活中最常接觸到的群體之一,與同學保持良好關係,有助於營造積極向上的學習氛圍。當學生擁有良好的社交關係時,他們的學業成果和個人發展會有正面效果(Tudge & Rogoff, 1999),同時,他們對學校的認同和熱愛也會隨之提高,從而增強了智慧幸福感。
對學校認同並熱愛是高智能幸福感的其中一個表現,嘗試多參與學校組織的活動,或認同並遵守校訓校規,代表學校參加比賽等,均有助於提升對學校的歸屬感,明確學校對自己的意義,進一步提升智慧幸福感。
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